Markers

This is the list of all markers present in GitHub Release.

Mutations on HA’s proteins are reported with H3 numbering. Mutations on NA’s protein are reported with N1 numbering. FluMut maps these positions on the reference of each HA (H1–H16) and NA (N1–N9) subtype, so you don’t have to renumber your sequences.

Marker Effect Subtype Literature
PB2:9N Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Graef K. et al., 2010; Kim J. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:25A Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhao D. et al., 2015
PB2:274T; PB2:28I; PB2:526R; PB2:553V; PB2:607V Decreased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Leung B. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:63T Decreased pathogenicity in mice H5N1 Li J. et al., 2011; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:304R; M1:211Q; M1:95K; NP:284M; PB2:627K; PB2:81I Transmitted via aerosol in ferrets H7N1 Sutton T. et al., 2014
PB2:309D; PB2:89V Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Li J. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:309D; PB2:89V Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Li J. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:309D; PB2:339K; PB2:477G; PB2:495V; PB2:627E; PB2:676T; PB2:89V Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Li J. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:309D; PB2:339K; PB2:477G; PB2:495V; PB2:627E; PB2:676T; PB2:89V Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Li J. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:147L; PB2:627K Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang J. et al., 2012
PB2:147L; PB2:627K Increased virulence in mice H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang J. et al., 2012
PB2:147T; PB2:339T; PB2:588T Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Fan S. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:147T; PB2:339T; PB2:588T Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Fan S. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:347G; PA:49Y; PB2:155N Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Guo Y. et al., 2023
PA:347G; PA:49Y; PB2:155N Increased viral replication in mammalian cells H9N2 Guo Y. et al., 2023
PA:347G; PA:49Y; PB2:155N Increased virulence in mice H9N2 Guo Y. et al., 2023
PB2:158G Increased polymerase activity in avian cells H5N1 Cauldwell A. et al., 2013
PB2:158G Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Cauldwell A. et al., 2013
PB2:158G Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhou B. et al., 2011
PB2:158G Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhou B. et al., 2011
PB2:158G Increased virulence in mice H5N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhou B. et al., 2011
PB2:158G Increased virulence in mice H5N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhou B. et al., 2011
PB2:158K Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H4N6 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu G. et al., 2020
PB2:158K Increased replication in mammalian cells H4N6 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu G. et al., 2020
PB2:158K Increased virulence in mice H4N6 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu G. et al., 2020
PB2:192K Increased polymerase activity in avian cells H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:192K Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:192K Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
HA1:227P; NP:434K; PB2:195N Enhanced contact transmission in guinea pigs H9N2 Sang X. et al., 2015b; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:199S Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Kim J. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:253N Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhang J. et al., 2018
PB2:256G Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Manzoor R. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:271A Enhanced contact transmission in ferrets H5N1 Restori K. et al., 2024
PB2:271A Enhanced replication in ferrets H5N1 Restori K. et al., 2024
PB2:271A Increased polymerase activity in avian cells H3N2 Bussey K. et al., 2010; Foeglein Á. et al., 2011; Mok C. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:271A Increased polymerase activity in avian cells H5N1 Bussey K. et al., 2010; Foeglein Á. et al., 2011; Mok C. et al., 2014; Peacock T. et al., 2023; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:271A Increased polymerase activity in avian cells H7N9 Bussey K. et al., 2010; Foeglein Á. et al., 2011; Mok C. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:271A Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H1N1 Bussey K. et al., 2010
PB2:271A Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H3N2 Bussey K. et al., 2010; Foeglein Á. et al., 2011; Mok C. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:271A Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Bussey K. et al., 2010; Cauldwell A. et al., 2013; Foeglein Á. et al., 2011; Mok C. et al., 2014; Peacock T. et al., 2023; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:271A Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Bussey K. et al., 2010; Foeglein Á. et al., 2011; Mok C. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:271A Transmitted via aerosol in ferrets H5N1 Restori K. et al., 2024
PB2:292V Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H10N8 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PB2:292V Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Gao W. et al., 2019; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:292V Increased virulence in mice H9N2 Gao W. et al., 2019; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:323L Increased replication in mammalian cells H3N2 Choi E. et al., 2020
PB2:323L Increased viral replication in mice lungs H3N2 Choi E. et al., 2020
PB2:339T Decreased polymerase activity in mice H5N1 Liu Y. et al., 2013; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:339T Decreased virulence in mice H5N1 Liu Y. et al., 2013; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:358V Decreased virulence in mice H7N3 DesRochers B. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:389R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Hu M. et al., 2017b; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:389R Increased replication in mammalian cells H7N9 Hu M. et al., 2017b; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:482R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamayoshi S. et al., 2014; Yamayoshi S. et al., 2018
PB2:483K Increased replication in mammalian cells H7N9 Chan M. et al., 2020
PB2:526R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Song W. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:526R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Song W. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:526R; PB2:627K Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Song W. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:526R; PB2:627K Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Song W. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:526R; PB2:627K Increased replication in mammalian cells H5N1 Song W. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:526R; PB2:627K Increased replication in mammalian cells H7N9 Song W. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:526R; PB2:627K Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Song W. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:526R; PB2:627K Increased virulence in mice H7N9 Song W. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:526R; PB2:543D; PB2:627V; PB2:655V Enhanced pathogenicity in mice H9N2 Arai Y. et al., 2019
PB2:526R; PB2:543D; PB2:627V; PB2:655V Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Arai Y. et al., 2019
PB2:535L Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Chen G. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:588V Increased polymerase activity in avian cells H10N8 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PB2:588V Increased polymerase activity in avian cells H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PB2:588V Increased polymerase activity in avian cells H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PB2:588V Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H10N8 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PB2:588V Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PB2:588V Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PB2:588V Increased replication in avian cells H10N8 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PB2:588V Increased replication in avian cells H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PB2:588V Increased replication in avian cells H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PB2:588V Increased replication in mammalian cells H10N8 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PB2:588V Increased replication in mammalian cells H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PB2:588V Increased replication in mammalian cells H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PB2:588V Increased virulence in mice H10N8 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PB2:588V Increased virulence in mice H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PB2:588V Increased virulence in mice H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PB2:588I Enhanced polymerase activity H1N1 Zhao Z. et al., 2014
PB2:588I Enhanced virulence in mice H1N1 Zhao Z. et al., 2014
PB2:590S; PB2:591R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H1N1 Mehle A. et al., 2009
PB2:590S; PB2:591R Increased viral replication in mammalian cells H1N1 Mehle A. et al., 2009
PB2:591K Increased polymerase activity in avian cells H5N1 Shinya Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:591K Increased polymerase activity in avian cells H7N9 Chen G. et al., 2016; Mok C. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:591K Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Shinya Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:591K Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Chen G. et al., 2016; Mok C. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:591K Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang C. et al., 2016
PB2:591K Increased replication in mammalian cells H5N1 Shinya Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:591K Increased replication in mammalian cells H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang C. et al., 2016
PB2:591K Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Shinya Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:591K Increased virulence in mice H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang C. et al., 2016
PB2:591R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Cauldwell A. et al., 2013; Peacock T. et al., 2023
PB2:598T Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Hu M. et al., 2017b; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:598T Increased replication in mammalian cells H7N9 Hu M. et al., 2017b; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:598T Increased virulence in mice H7N9 Hu M. et al., 2017b; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:598I Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Hu M. et al., 2017b; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:598I Increased replication in mammalian cells H7N9 Hu M. et al., 2017b; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:598I Increased virulence in mice H7N9 Hu M. et al., 2017b; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NP:357L; PB2:627K Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Kim J. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K Contributes to airborne pathogenicity in ferrets H5N1 Bogs J. et al., 2011; Bortz E. et al., 2011; Chen H. et al., 2007; Fornek J. et al., 2009; Hatta H. et al., 2001; Hatta M. et al., 2007; Herfst S. et al., 2012; Kim J. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005; Long J. et al., 2013; Manzoor R. et al., 2009; Mase M. et al., 2006; Richard M. et al., 2017; Shinya K. et al., 2004; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K Contributes to contact transmission in guinea pigs H5N1 Bogs J. et al., 2011; Bortz E. et al., 2011; Chen H. et al., 2007; Fornek J. et al., 2009; Hatta H. et al., 2001; Hatta M. et al., 2007; Herfst S. et al., 2012; Kim J. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005; Long J. et al., 2013; Manzoor R. et al., 2009; Mase M. et al., 2006; Richard M. et al., 2017; Shinya K. et al., 2004; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K Decreased polymerase activity in avian cells H5N1 Bogs J. et al., 2011; Bortz E. et al., 2011; Chen H. et al., 2007; Fornek J. et al., 2009; Hatta H. et al., 2001; Hatta M. et al., 2007; Herfst S. et al., 2012; Kim J. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005; Long J. et al., 2013; Manzoor R. et al., 2009; Mase M. et al., 2006; Richard M. et al., 2017; Shinya K. et al., 2004; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K Decreased replication in avian cells H5N1 Bogs J. et al., 2011; Bortz E. et al., 2011; Chen H. et al., 2007; Fornek J. et al., 2009; Hatta H. et al., 2001; Hatta M. et al., 2007; Herfst S. et al., 2012; Kim J. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005; Long J. et al., 2013; Manzoor R. et al., 2009; Mase M. et al., 2006; Richard M. et al., 2017; Shinya K. et al., 2004; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K Decreases virulence in chickens H5N1 Bogs J. et al., 2011; Bortz E. et al., 2011; Chen H. et al., 2007; Fornek J. et al., 2009; Hatta H. et al., 2001; Hatta M. et al., 2007; Herfst S. et al., 2012; Kim J. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005; Long J. et al., 2013; Manzoor R. et al., 2009; Mase M. et al., 2006; Richard M. et al., 2017; Shinya K. et al., 2004; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K Enhanced polymerase activity H5N1 Bogs J. et al., 2011; Bortz E. et al., 2011; Chen H. et al., 2007; Fornek J. et al., 2009; Hatta H. et al., 2001; Hatta M. et al., 2007; Herfst S. et al., 2012; Kim J. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005; Long J. et al., 2013; Manzoor R. et al., 2009; Mase M. et al., 2006; Richard M. et al., 2017; Shinya K. et al., 2004; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K Increased polymerase activity in avian cells H7N7 De Jong R. et al., 2013; Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H4N6 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu G. et al., 2020
PB2:627K Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Cauldwell A. et al., 2013; Peacock T. et al., 2023
PB2:627K Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H6N1 Cheng K. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhang H. et al., 2014
PB2:627K Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Sang X. et al., 2015; Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K Increased replication in mammalian cells H4N6 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu G. et al., 2020
PB2:627K Increased replication in mammalian cells H7N9 Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhang H. et al., 2014
PB2:627K Increased virulence in ferrets H7N7 De Jong R. et al., 2013; Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K Increased virulence in mice H4N6 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu G. et al., 2020
PB2:627K Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Bogs J. et al., 2011; Bortz E. et al., 2011; Chen H. et al., 2007; Fornek J. et al., 2009; Hatta H. et al., 2001; Hatta M. et al., 2007; Herfst S. et al., 2012; Kim J. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005; Long J. et al., 2013; Manzoor R. et al., 2009; Mase M. et al., 2006; Richard M. et al., 2017; Shinya K. et al., 2004; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K Increased virulence in mice H6N1 Cheng K. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K Increased virulence in mice H6N6 Tan L. et al., 2014
PB2:627K Increased virulence in mice H7N7 De Jong R. et al., 2013; Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K Increased virulence in mice H7N9 Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhang H. et al., 2014
PB2:627K Increased virulence in mice H9N2 Sang X. et al., 2015; Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K; PB2:701N Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhu W. et al., 2015
PB2:627K; PB2:714R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N7 Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K; PB2:714R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K; PB2:714R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K; PB2:701N; PB2:714R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:627K; PB2:701N; PB2:714R Increased virulence in mice H9N2 Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:142E; PB2:627K Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Kim J. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:356R; PB2:627K Enhanced replication in mammalian cells H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu G. et al., 2016
PA:356R; PB2:627K Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu G. et al., 2016
PA:356R; PB2:627K Increased virulence in mice H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu G. et al., 2016
HA1:110Y; HA1:160A; HA1:226L; HA1:228S; PB1:99Y; PB2:627K Transmitted via aerosol in ferrets H5N1 Herfst S. et al., 2012; Linster M. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:110Y; HA1:160A; HA1:226L; HA1:228S; NP:345N; NP:99K; PB1:368V; PB1:99Y; PB2:627K Transmitted via aerosol in ferrets H5N1 Herfst S. et al., 2012; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:110V; PB2:627K Decreased pH of fusion H6N2 Tang S. et al., 2024
HA1:110V; PB2:627K Enhanced replication in guinea pigs H6N2 Tang S. et al., 2024
HA1:110V; PB2:627K Increased replication in mammalian cells H6N2 Tang S. et al., 2024
HA1:110V; PB2:627K Increased virulence in mice H6N2 Tang S. et al., 2024
PB1:115Q; PB2:627K Transmitted via aerosol in guinea pigs H7N9 Zhang C. et al., 2021
HA1:228S; PB2:627K Confer airborne transmission in ferrets H3N8 Sun H. et al., 2023
PB2:627V Enhanced pathology in mice lungs H3N8 Guo Y. et al., 2025
PB2:627V Enhanced pathology in mice lungs H7N9 Guo Y. et al., 2025
PB2:627V Enhanced replication in mice H9N2 Guo Y. et al., 2025
PB2:627V Increased polymerase activity in avian cells H9N2 Guo Y. et al., 2025
PB2:627V Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:627V Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Guo Y. et al., 2025
PB2:627V Increased replication in mammalian cells H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:627V Increased viral replication in mice lungs H3N8 Guo Y. et al., 2025
PB2:627V Increased viral replication in mice lungs H7N9 Guo Y. et al., 2025
PB2:627V Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:627V Transmitted via aerosol in ferrets H9N2 Guo Y. et al., 2025
PB2:631L Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H1N1 Budt M. et al., 2026
PB2:631L Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Budt M. et al., 2026
PB2:631L Increased polymerase activity in mice H10N7 Zhang X. et al., 2017
PB2:631L Increased replication in mammalian cells H1N1 Budt M. et al., 2026
PB2:631L Increased virulence in mice H10N7 Zhang X. et al., 2017
PB2:699R Enhanced virulence in mice H1N1 Zhang T. et al., 2017
PB2:699R Increased viral replication in mammalian cells H1N1 Zhang T. et al., 2017
PB2:701N Contact transmission in guinea pigs H5N1 Gao Y. et al., 2009; Le Q. et al., 2009; Li Z. et al., 2005; Steel J. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:701N Enhanced replication in guinea pigs H5N1 Gao Y. et al., 2009; Le Q. et al., 2009; Li Z. et al., 2005; Steel J. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:701N Enhanced replication in mice H7N9 Chen G. et al., 2016; Mok C. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:701N Increased polymerase activity in guinea pigs H5N1 Gao Y. et al., 2009; Le Q. et al., 2009; Li Z. et al., 2005; Steel J. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:701N Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Cauldwell A. et al., 2013; Peacock T. et al., 2023
PB2:701N Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Chen G. et al., 2016; Mok C. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:701N Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:701N Increased viral replication in mammalian cells H1N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yu Z. et al., 2019
PB2:701N Increased virulence in guinea pigs H5N1 Gao Y. et al., 2009; Le Q. et al., 2009; Li Z. et al., 2005; Steel J. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:701N Increased virulence in mice H1N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yu Z. et al., 2019
PB2:701N Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Gao Y. et al., 2009; Le Q. et al., 2009; Li Z. et al., 2005; Steel J. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:701N; PB2:714R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N7 Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:701N; PB2:714R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:701N; PB2:714R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:701N; PB2:714R Increased replication in mammalian cells H5N1 Czudai-Matwich V. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:701N; PB2:714R Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Czudai-Matwich V. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:701V Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:701V Increased replication in mammalian cells H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:701V Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB2:702R Increased polymerase activity in avian cells H5N1 Peacock T. et al., 2023
PB2:702R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Peacock T. et al., 2023
PB2:714R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N7 Gabriel G. et al., 2005; Gabriel G. et al., 2007; Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:714R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:714R Increased replication in mammalian cells H7N7 Gabriel G. et al., 2005; Gabriel G. et al., 2007; Sediri H. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:715N Decreased virulence in mice H5N1 Sun H. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB2:740N Increased polymerase activity in avian cells H5N1 Peacock T. et al., 2023
PB2:740N Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Peacock T. et al., 2023
PB1:3V Increased polymerase activity in avian cells H5N1 Elgendy E. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:3V Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Elgendy E. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:3V Increased replication in avian cells H5N1 Elgendy E. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:3V Increased replication in mammalian cells H5N1 Elgendy E. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:328K; PB1:375S; PB1:3A Decreased replication in ferrets H5N1 Salomon R. et al., 2006; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:328K; PB1:375S; PB1:3A Decreased virulence in ferrets H5N1 Salomon R. et al., 2006; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:105S Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB1:105S Increased replication in mammalian cells H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB1:105S Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PB1:207R Decreased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Hulse-Post D. et al., 2007; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:229R Resistance to Favipiravir Unknown Komeno T. et al., 2022
PB1:436H Decreased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Hulse-Post D. et al., 2007; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:436H Decreased virulence in ducks H5N1 Hulse-Post D. et al., 2007; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:436H Decreased virulence in ferrets H5N1 Hulse-Post D. et al., 2007; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:436H Decreased virulence in mice H5N1 Hulse-Post D. et al., 2007; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:473L Decreased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H1N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu C. et al., 2012
PB1:473L Decreased replication in mammalian cells H1N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu C. et al., 2012
PB1:473L; PB1:598L Decreased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H1N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu C. et al., 2012
PB1:473L; PB1:598L Decreased replication in mammalian cells H1N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu C. et al., 2012
PB1:577E Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Kamiki H. et al., 2018; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:577E Increased polymerase activity in mice H9N2 Kamiki H. et al., 2018; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:577E Increased virulence in mice H9N2 Kamiki H. et al., 2018; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:598P Decreased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H1N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu C. et al., 2012
PB1:598P Decreased replication in mammalian cells H1N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu C. et al., 2012
PB1:622G Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Feng X. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:622G Increased polymerase activity in mice H5N1 Feng X. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:622G Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Feng X. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:677M Decreased replication in mammalian cells H5N1 Li J. et al., 2011b; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:677M Decreased virulence in mice H5N1 Li J. et al., 2011b; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:677M Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Li J. et al., 2011b; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:678N Increased replication in avian cells H7N7 Gabriel G. et al., 2007; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1:678N Increased replication in mammalian cells H7N7 Gabriel G. et al., 2007; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1-F2:51M; PB1-F2:56A; PB1-F2:87G Decreased polymerase activity in ducks H5N1 Marjuki H. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1-F2:51M; PB1-F2:56A; PB1-F2:87G Decreased replication in ducks H5N1 Marjuki H. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1-F2:51M; PB1-F2:56A; PB1-F2:87G Decreased virulence in ducks H5N1 Marjuki H. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1-F2:66S Enhanced antiviral response in mice H5N1 Conenello G. et al., 2007; Schmolke M. et al., 2011; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1-F2:66S Enhanced replication in mice H5N1 Conenello G. et al., 2007; Schmolke M. et al., 2011; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PB1-F2:66S Enhanced virulence in mice H5N1 Conenello G. et al., 2007; Schmolke M. et al., 2011; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:18G Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Luo D. et al., 2023
PA:23G From normal to reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Hashimoto T. et al., 2021; Hussain S. et al., 2025; Ince W. et al., 2020; Jones J. et al., 2022
PA:23G Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Gubareva L., 2019; Takashita E. et al., 2020b
PA:23K Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Govorkova E. et al., 2022; Luo D. et al., 2023; Omoto S. et al., 2018; Takashita E. et al., 2020b
PA:23K Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Jones J. et al., 2022; Omoto S. et al., 2018
PA:23R Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Jones J. et al., 2022b
PA:23R Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Jones J. et al., 2022b
PA:34R From normal to reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Govorkova E. et al., 2022
PA:34R Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Govorkova E. et al., 2022
PA:36V PA inhibitor (PAI) baloxavir susceptibility H1N1 Omoto S. et al., 2018
PA:36V Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Omoto S. et al., 2018
PA:36V Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Omoto S. et al., 2018
PA:37A Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamayoshi S. et al., 2014
PA:37S Decreased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N7 Hu M. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:37T Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Sato M. et al., 2021
PA:37T Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Omoto S. et al., 2018
PA:37T Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H5N1 Nguyen H. et al., 2023
PA:38F Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Jones J. et al., 2020; Koszalka P. et al., 2019; Omoto S. et al., 2018
PA:38F Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Jones J. et al., 2020; Koszalka P. et al., 2019; Omoto S. et al., 2018
PA:38F Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H5N1 Taniguchi K. et al., 2024
PA:38L From normal to reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Govorkova E. et al., 2022; Hashimoto T. et al., 2021
PA:38L Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Chesnokov A. et al., 2019; Gubareva L., 2019; Hashimoto T. et al., 2021; Hickerson B. et al., 2022; Takashita E. et al., 2020
PA:38M Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Jones J. et al., 2020; Kiso M. et al., 2020; Koszalka P. et al., 2019; Omoto S. et al., 2018
PA:38M Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Chesnokov A. et al., 2019; Govorkova E. et al., 2022; Gubareva L., 2019; Hussain S. et al., 2025; Ince W. et al., 2020; Jones J. et al., 2020; Koszalka P. et al., 2019; Omoto S. et al., 2018; Takashita E. et al., 2020
PA:38M Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H5N1 Nguyen H. et al., 2023; Taniguchi K. et al., 2024
HA1:156N; HA1:263R; PA:38M Increased virulence in mice H6N6 Tan L. et al., 2014
PA:38N Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Hashimoto T. et al., 2021; Ince W. et al., 2020; Takashita E. et al., 2025
PA:38N Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Hashimoto T. et al., 2021
PA:38S Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Chesnokov A. et al., 2019; Govorkova E. et al., 2022; Hashimoto T. et al., 2021; Sato M. et al., 2020; Takashita E. et al., 2020b
PA:38S Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Hashimoto T. et al., 2021
PA:38T Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Checkmahomed L. et al., 2020; Chesnokov A. et al., 2019; Govorkova E. et al., 2022; Imai M. et al., 2019; Jones J. et al., 2020; Koszalka P. et al., 2019; Luo D. et al., 2023; Noshi T. et al., 2018; Omoto S. et al., 2018; Takashita E. et al., 2018; Takashita E. et al., 2020b; Takashita E. et al., 2025
PA:38T Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Checkmahomed L. et al., 2020; Chesnokov A. et al., 2019; Govorkova E. et al., 2022; Hussain S. et al., 2025; Imai M. et al., 2019; Ince W. et al., 2020; Jones J. et al., 2020; Omoto S. et al., 2018; Sato M. et al., 2020; Takashita E. et al., 2019; Takashita E. et al., 2019b; Takashita E. et al., 2019c; Uehara T. et al., 2019; Yano T. et al., 2020
PA:38T Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H5N1 Nguyen H. et al., 2023; Taniguchi K. et al., 2024
PA:38V From normal to reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Govorkova E. et al., 2022; Gubareva L., 2019
PA:38V Normal susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Omoto S. et al., 2018
PA:38V Normal susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Gubareva L., 2019; Omoto S. et al., 2018
PA:127A; PA:241Y; PA:343T; PA:44I; PA:573V Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamaji R. et al., 2015
PA:127A; PA:241Y; PA:343T; PA:44I; PA:573V Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamaji R. et al., 2015
PA:63I Enhanced replication in mammalian cells H7N7 Hu M. et al., 2016; Hu M. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:63I Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N7 Hu M. et al., 2016; Hu M. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:63I Increased virulence in mice H7N7 Hu M. et al., 2016; Hu M. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:186S; PA:85I Increased translation efficiency of viral mRNA in human cells H1N1 Lutz M. et al., 2022
PA:85I Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H1N1 Bussey K. et al., 2011
PA:97I Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PA:97I Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N2 Song M. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:97I Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H6N1 Cheng K. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:97I Increased replication in mammalian cells H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PA:97I Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Taft A. et al., 2015
PA:97I Increased virulence in mice H5N2 Song M. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:97I Increased virulence in mice H6N1 Cheng K. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:103H; PA:659L Decreased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N7 Gao P. et al., 2018; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:103H; PA:659L Decreased virulence in mice H7N7 Gao P. et al., 2018; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:119D Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Omoto S. et al., 2018
PA:119D Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Omoto S. et al., 2018
PA:142N Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Kim J. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:142R; PA:147V; PA:171V; PA:182L Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Schmolke M. et al., 2011; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:149P; PA:266R; PA:357K; PA:515T Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Leung B. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:158R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Elgendy E. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:190S Decreased virulence in mice H7N3 DesRochers B. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:198K Normal susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Takizawa N. et al., 2022
PA:198K Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Takizawa N. et al., 2022
PA:199G From normal to reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Govorkova E. et al., 2022; Hussain S. et al., 2025; Kiso M. et al., 2020
PA:199G From normal to reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Hussain S. et al., 2025; Omoto S. et al., 2018; Takashita E. et al., 2023
PA:199D Normal susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Hickerson B. et al., 2022
PA:224P; PA:383D Enhanced replication in duck cells H5N1 Leung B. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PA:224P; PA:383D Enhanced replication in mice cells H5N1 Leung B. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PA:224P; PA:383D Increased polymerase activity in duck cells H5N1 Leung B. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PA:224P; PA:383D Increased polymerase activity in mice cells H5N1 Leung B. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PA:224P; PA:383D Increased virulence in ducks H5N1 Leung B. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PA:224P; PA:383D Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Leung B. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xiao C. et al., 2016
PA:225E Enhanced replication in mammalian cells H5N1 Zhang M. et al., 2025
PA:225E Enhanced replication in mice H5N1 Zhang M. et al., 2025
PA:225E Enhanced virulence in mice H5N1 Zhang M. et al., 2025
PA:225E Increased replication in avian cells H5N1 Zhang M. et al., 2025
PA:336M Enhanced pathogenicity in mice H1N1 Bussey K. et al., 2011
PA:343S; PA:347E Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhong G. et al., 2018
PA:343S; PA:347E Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhong G. et al., 2018
PA:356R Enhanced replication in mammalian cells H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu G. et al., 2016
PA:356R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu G. et al., 2016
PA:356R Increased virulence in mice H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu G. et al., 2016
PA:383D Increased polymerase activity in avian cells H5N1 Song J. et al., 2011; Song J. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:383D Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Song J. et al., 2011; Song J. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:400P Decreased virulence in mice H7N3 DesRochers B. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:409S Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamayoshi S. et al., 2014
PA:409S Increased replication in mammalian cells H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamayoshi S. et al., 2014
PA:421I Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Kim J. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:443K Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhao D. et al., 2015
PA:497R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamayoshi S. et al., 2018
PA:515A Decreased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Gao H. et al., 2015b; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:515A Decreased virulence in ducks H5N1 Gao H. et al., 2015b; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:552S Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H1N1 Mehle A. et al., 2012
PA:615N Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N7 Gabriel G. et al., 2005; Gabriel G. et al., 2007; Suttie A. et al., 2019
PA:615N Increased virulence in mice H7N7 Gabriel G. et al., 2005; Gabriel G. et al., 2007; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:128P; HA1:83K Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:128P; HA1:83K; HA2:167K Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:128P; HA1:197K; HA1:83K; HA2:167K Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:197K; HA1:83K Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:197K; HA1:83K; HA2:167K Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:83K; HA2:167K Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:101N Increased binding to α2-6 H5N1 Su Y. et al., 2008; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:110V Decreased pH of fusion H6N2 Tang S. et al., 2024
HA1:114R; HA1:115I Increased pH of fusion H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wessels U. et al., 2018
HA1:114R; HA1:115I Increased virulence in chickens H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wessels U. et al., 2018
HA1:114R; HA1:115I Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wessels U. et al., 2018
HA1:126N Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang W. et al., 2010
HA1:128P; HA1:197K Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:128P; HA1:197K; HA2:167K Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:128P; HA2:167K Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:129V; HA1:138V Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Auewarakul P. et al., 2007; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:137A Increased binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yang Z. et al., 2007
HA1:137A; HA1:192I Increased binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yang Z. et al., 2007
HA1:138V Decreased virus binding to α2-3 H5N1 Crusat M. et al., 2013
HA1:138V Increased infectivity in mammalian cells H5N1 Kongchanagul A. et al., 2008; Naughtin M. et al., 2011; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:138V Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N6 Peng X. et al., 2018
HA1:138V Loss of binding to α2-3 H5N6 Peng X. et al., 2018
HA1:138A Increased viral replication in mice lungs H9N2 Zhang J. et al., 2023
HA1:138A Increased virus thermostability H9N2 Zhang J. et al., 2023
HA1:143R Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:143R; HA1:186K Decreased virus binding to α2-3 H5N1 Chutinimitkul S. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:143R; HA1:186K Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chutinimitkul S. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:156Q Increased replication in avian cells H9N2 Zhang J. et al., 2023
HA1:156Q Increased viral replication in mammalian cells H9N2 Zhang J. et al., 2023
HA1:156Q Increased virus thermostability H9N2 Zhang J. et al., 2023
HA1:158N Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang W. et al., 2010
HA1:158D Decreased virulence in mice H9N2 Jin F. et al., 2019; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:158D Decreased virus binding to α2-3 H7N9 Chang P. et al., 2023
HA1:158D Decreased virus binding to α2-6 H7N9 Chang P. et al., 2023
HA1:158D Enhanced replication in mammalian cells H7N9 Chang P. et al., 2023
HA1:158D; HA1:224K; HA1:226L; HA1:318I Transmissible among ferrets H5N1 Imai M. et al., 2012; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:158S; HA1:226L Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Ilyushina N. et al., 2008; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:158S; HA1:226L; HA1:248D Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Ilyushina N. et al., 2008; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:159N Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang W. et al., 2010
HA1:159N; HA1:160A Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang F. et al., 2015; Wang W. et al., 2010
HA1:159N; HA1:160A; HA1:227N Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yen H. et al., 2009
HA1:159N; HA1:160A; HA1:227N Reduced lethality in mice H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yen H. et al., 2009
HA1:159N; HA1:160A; HA1:227N Systemic spread in mice H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yen H. et al., 2009
HA1:160A Increased transmission in guinea pigs H5N1 Gao Y. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang W. et al., 2010
HA1:160A Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Gao Y. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang W. et al., 2010
HA1:160A; HA1:193T; HA1:224K; HA1:226L Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Peng W. et al., 2018; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:160A; HA1:226L Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang F. et al., 2015; Wang W. et al., 2010
HA1:160A; HA1:226L; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Stevens J. et al., 2008; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang F. et al., 2015; Wang W. et al., 2010
HA1:160A; HA1:227N Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang F. et al., 2015; Wang W. et al., 2010
HA1:160V Decreased virulence in mice H7N2 Lyashko A. et al., 2023
HA1:160V Increased virus binding to α2-6 H7N2 Lyashko A. et al., 2023
HA1:186V Increased virus binding to α2-3 H7N9 Dortmans J. et al., 2013; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:186K Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Gao Y. et al., 2009; Kongchanagul A. et al., 2008; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang W. et al., 2010; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:186K; HA1:193T; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; de Vries R. et al., 2017
HA1:186K; HA1:196R; HA1:226L; HA1:227N; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chutinimitkul S. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:186K; HA1:226L; HA1:227N; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chutinimitkul S. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:186K; HA1:226L; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chutinimitkul S. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:186D Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Gao Y. et al., 2009; Kongchanagul A. et al., 2008; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang W. et al., 2010; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:186N Decreased virus binding to α2-3 H13N6 Lu X. et al., 2013; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:186N Increased virus binding to α2-6 H13N6 Lu X. et al., 2013; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:186N; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; de Vries R. et al., 2017
HA1:186N; HA1:224K; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; de Vries R. et al., 2017
HA1:186L Decreased virus binding to α2-3 H6N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang F. et al., 2015
HA1:186G; HA1:193T; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; de Vries R. et al., 2017
HA1:187G Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2012; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:187G; HA1:190D; HA1:193S; HA1:226L; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Maines T. et al., 2011; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:187G; HA1:226L; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2012; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:187G; HA1:227N Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2012; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:187P; HA1:227L Contact transmission in guinea pigs H9N2 Liu K. et al., 2023
HA1:187P; HA1:227L Enhanced replication in mice H9N2 Liu K. et al., 2023
HA1:187P; HA1:227L Enhanced virulence in mice H9N2 Liu K. et al., 2023
HA1:187P; HA1:227L Increased virus binding to α2-6 H9N2 Liu K. et al., 2023
HA1:189A; HA2:192R Enhanced replication in ferrets H3N2 Sorrell E. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:189A; HA2:192R Transmitted via aerosol in ferrets H3N2 Sorrell E. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:190G Decreased virulence in mice H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2012; Han P. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:190G Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2012; Han P. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:190G Maintained virus binding to α2-3 H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2012; Han P. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:190G; HA1:226E; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2012; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:190V Decreased virus binding to α2-3 H6N2 Qu Z. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:190V Enhanced binding affinity in mammalian cells H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Teng Q. et al., 2016
HA1:190V Enhanced replication in mammalian cells H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Teng Q. et al., 2016
HA1:190V Enhanced replication in mice H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Teng Q. et al., 2016
HA1:190D; HA1:225D Decreased virus binding to α2-3 H1N1 AbuBakar U. et al., 2023; Stevens J. et al., 2006
HA1:190D; HA1:225D Increased virus binding to α2-6 H1N1 AbuBakar U. et al., 2023; Stevens J. et al., 2006
HA1:192I Increased binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yang Z. et al., 2007
HA1:193R Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Peng W. et al., 2018; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang W. et al., 2010
HA1:193R; HA1:226L; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Stevens J. et al., 2008; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhang H. et al., 2015
HA1:193T Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Peng W. et al., 2018; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang W. et al., 2010
HA1:193T; HA1:228S Dual α2-3 and α2-6 binding H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; de Vries R. et al., 2017
HA1:193D Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Jang S. et al., 2024
HA1:193D Transmissible among ferrets H5N1 Jang S. et al., 2024
HA1:193M; HA1:226L; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Eggink D. et al., 2020
HA1:194P Increased virus binding to α2-3 H3N2 Hu M. et al., 2023; Liang W. et al., 2022
HA1:194P Prevents airborne transmission in ferrets H3N2 Hu M. et al., 2023
HA1:196R Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2012; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Watanabe Y. et al., 2011; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:196R; HA1:226L; HA1:227N; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chutinimitkul S. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:196R; HA1:226L; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2012; Chutinimitkul S. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:196R; HA1:227N Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2012; Chutinimitkul S. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:196H Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2012; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Watanabe Y. et al., 2011; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:197K Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:197K; HA2:167K Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yamada S. et al., 2006
HA1:197D Contact transmission in ferrets H5N1 Jang S. et al., 2024
HA1:197D Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Jang S. et al., 2024
HA1:197D Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Jang S. et al., 2024
HA1:198D; HA1:227E; NS1:53D Increased virulence in mice H1N1 Zhu M. et al., 2023
HA1:199I Increased binding breadth to glycans bearing terminal α2-3 sialic acids H5N1 Good M. et al., 2024
HA1:209Y Increased virus binding to α2-6 H3N1 Suzuki Y. et al., 1989
HA1:212T Increased replication in avian cells H9N2 Zhang J. et al., 2023
HA1:212T Increased replication in mammalian cells H9N2 Zhang J. et al., 2023
HA1:212T Increased viral replication in mice lungs H9N2 Zhang J. et al., 2023
HA1:214I Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Watanabe Y. et al., 2011
HA1:222Q; HA1:227R Increased virus binding to α2-3 H5N1 Guo H. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:222Q; HA1:227R Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Guo H. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:224K; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; de Vries R. et al., 2017
HA1:224K; HA1:226L Decreased virus binding to α2-3 H5N1 Imai M. et al., 2012
HA1:224K; HA1:226L Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Eggink D. et al., 2020; Imai M. et al., 2012
HA1:225D Increased virus binding to α2-6 H1N1 AbuBakar U. et al., 2023
HA1:225D Increased virus binding to α2-6 H6N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Vries R. et al., 2017
HA1:226L Decreased virus binding to α2-3 H2N2 AbuBakar U. et al., 2023
HA1:226L Decreased virus binding to α2-3 H3N2 Song H. et al., 2017
HA1:226L Decreased virus binding to α2-3 H5N1 Chutinimitkul S. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:226L Decreased virus binding to α2-6 H7N9 Ramos I. et al., 2013; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu R. et al., 2013
HA1:226L Enhanced contact transmission in ferrets H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wan H. et al., 2007; Wan H. et al., 2008
HA1:226L Enhanced replication in ferrets H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wan H. et al., 2007; Wan H. et al., 2008
HA1:226L Enhanced replication in mammalian cells H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wan H. et al., 2007; Wan H. et al., 2008
HA1:226L Increased virus binding to α2-3 H7N9 Ramos I. et al., 2013; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu R. et al., 2013
HA1:226L Increased virus binding to α2-6 H2N2 AbuBakar U. et al., 2023
HA1:226L Increased virus binding to α2-6 H3N2 Song H. et al., 2017
HA1:226L Increased virus binding to α2-6 H4N6 Song H. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:226L Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chutinimitkul S. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:226L Increased virus binding to α2-6 H6N2 Bosch F. et al., 1981; Qu Z. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:226L Increased virus binding to α2-6 H9N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wan H. et al., 2007; Wan H. et al., 2008
HA1:226L Loss of binding to α2-3 H10N8 Sang X. et al., 2015b; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Tzarum N. et al., 2017; Zhang H. et al., 2015
HA1:226L Transmitted via aerosol in guinea pigs H6N2 Bosch F. et al., 1981; Qu Z. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:226L; HA1:227N; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chutinimitkul S. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:226L; HA1:228S Decreased antiviral response H5N1 Ayora-Talavera G. et al., 2009; Chen L. et al., 2012; Chutinimitkul S. et al., 2010; Gao Y. et al., 2009; Harvey R. et al., 2004; Ilyushina N. et al., 2008; Kode S. et al., 2019; Maines T. et al., 2011; McCown M. et al., 2005; Stevens J. et al., 2006; Stevens J. et al., 2008; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang F. et al., 2015; Wang W. et al., 2010
HA1:226L; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H4N6 Song H. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:226L; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Ayora-Talavera G. et al., 2009; Chen L. et al., 2012; Chutinimitkul S. et al., 2010; Gao Y. et al., 2009; Harvey R. et al., 2004; Ilyushina N. et al., 2008; Kode S. et al., 2019; Maines T. et al., 2011; McCown M. et al., 2005; Stevens J. et al., 2006; Stevens J. et al., 2008; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang F. et al., 2015; Wang W. et al., 2010
HA1:226L; HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H7N7 Srinivasan K. et al., 2013; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:226L; HA1:228S Loss of binding to α2-3 H10N8 Sang X. et al., 2015b; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Tzarum N. et al., 2017; Zhang H. et al., 2015
HA1:226L; HA1:228S No binding to α2-6 H10N8 Sang X. et al., 2015b; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Tzarum N. et al., 2017; Zhang H. et al., 2015
HA1:226L; HA1:228S Reduced tissue tropism in guinea pigs H5N1 Ayora-Talavera G. et al., 2009; Chen L. et al., 2012; Chutinimitkul S. et al., 2010; Gao Y. et al., 2009; Harvey R. et al., 2004; Ilyushina N. et al., 2008; Kode S. et al., 2019; Maines T. et al., 2011; McCown M. et al., 2005; Stevens J. et al., 2006; Stevens J. et al., 2008; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang F. et al., 2015; Wang W. et al., 2010
HA1:226I Decreased virus binding to α2-3 H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Xu R. et al., 2013
HA1:227N Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2012; Chutinimitkul S. et al., 2010; Gambaryan A. et al., 2006; Kongchanagul A. et al., 2008; Shinya K. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:227P; HA2:46E; NP:434K Enhanced contact transmission in guinea pigs H9N2 Sang X. et al., 2015b; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:228A Dual receptor specificity H4N6 Song H. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:228A Increased virus binding to α2-6 H4N6 Song H. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:228S Decreased virus binding to α2-3 H10N8 Sang X. et al., 2015b; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhang H. et al., 2015
HA1:228S Decreased virus binding to α2-3 H6N2 Qu Z. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:228S Decreased virus binding to α2-3 H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; de Vries R. et al., 2017
HA1:228S Decreased virus binding to α2-6 H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; de Vries R. et al., 2017
HA1:228S Dual receptor specificity H4N6 Song H. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:228S Increased replication in mammalian cells H1N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yu Z. et al., 2019
HA1:228S Increased virulence in mice H1N2 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Yu Z. et al., 2019
HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H3N8 Sun H. et al., 2023
HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H4N6 Song H. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chutinimitkul S. et al., 2010; Stevens J. et al., 2006; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang F. et al., 2015; Wang W. et al., 2010
HA1:228S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H6N6 Sun H. et al., 2017
HA1:228S No binding to α2-6 H10N8 Sang X. et al., 2015b; Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhang H. et al., 2015
HA1:239S Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Watanabe Y. et al., 2011
HA1:255K Increased virus binding to α2-6 H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2012; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA2:58I Decreased pH of fusion H5N1 Abdelwhab E. et al., 2016; Krenn B. et al., 2011; Reed M. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA2:58I Increased HA stability H5N1 Abdelwhab E. et al., 2016; Krenn B. et al., 2011; Reed M. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA2:58I Increased viral replication efficiency H5N1 Abdelwhab E. et al., 2016; Krenn B. et al., 2011; Reed M. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA2:58I Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Abdelwhab E. et al., 2016; Krenn B. et al., 2011; Reed M. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA2:64E Decreased HA stability H7N9 Sun X. et al., 2019; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA2:64E Decreased virulence in mice H7N9 Sun X. et al., 2019; Suttie A. et al., 2019
HA2:64E Increased pH of fusion H7N9 Sun X. et al., 2019; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NP:24C Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Takashita E. et al., 2025b
NP:28P Normal susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Govorkova E. et al., 2022; Omoto S. et al., 2018
NP:41V Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhu W. et al., 2015
NP:52N Evade human BTN3A3 H7N9 Pinto R. et al., 2023
NP:52H Evade human BTN3A3 H7N9 Pinto R. et al., 2023
NP:52H Evade human BTN3A3 H9N2 Pinto R. et al., 2023
NP:91R Decreased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NP:100I; NP:283P; NP:313Y Resistance to human interferon-induced antiviral factor MxA H5N1 Mänz B. et al., 2013b
NP:100I; NP:283P; NP:313V Resistance to human interferon-induced antiviral factor MxA H5N1 Mänz B. et al., 2013b
NP:100V; NP:283P; NP:313Y Resistance to human interferon-induced antiviral factor MxA H5N1 Mänz B. et al., 2013b
NP:100V; NP:283P; NP:313V Resistance to human interferon-induced antiviral factor MxA H5N1 Mänz B. et al., 2013b
NP:105V Increased virulence in chickens H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Tada T. et al., 2011; Tada T. et al., 2011b
NP:109T Increased polymerase activity in chickens H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Tada T. et al., 2011; Tada T. et al., 2011b
NP:109T Increased replication in chickens H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Tada T. et al., 2011; Tada T. et al., 2011b
NP:109T Increased virulence in chickens H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Tada T. et al., 2011; Tada T. et al., 2011b
NP:184K Enhanced interferon response H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wasilenko J. et al., 2009
NP:184K Increased replication in avian cells H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wasilenko J. et al., 2009
NP:184K Increased virulence in chickens H5N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wasilenko J. et al., 2009
NP:198R Decreased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NP:199K Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H1N1 Takashita E. et al., 2025b
NP:199K Reduced susceptibility to Baloxavir H3N2 Hussain S. et al., 2025; Takashita E. et al., 2025b
NP:210D Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N9 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Zhu W. et al., 2015
NP:227R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NP:229R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NP:313Y Evade human BTN3A3 Unknown Pinto R. et al., 2023
NP:313V Evade human BTN3A3 Unknown Pinto R. et al., 2023
NP:319K Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H7N7 Gabriel G. et al., 2005; Gabriel G. et al., 2008; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NP:319K Increased replication in mammalian cells H7N7 Gabriel G. et al., 2005; Gabriel G. et al., 2008; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NP:434K Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H9N2 Sang X. et al., 2015b; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NP:470R Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NP:470R Increased replication in mammalian cells H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NP:470R Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Chen L. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:110F Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Huang W. et al., 2018; Lackenby A. et al., 2018
NA:110F Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Huang W. et al., 2018; Lackenby A. et al., 2018
NA:116A Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Boltz D. et al., 2010; Hurt A. et al., 2007
NA:116A Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H5N1 Boltz D. et al., 2010; Hurt A. et al., 2007
NA:116A Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Boltz D. et al., 2010; Hurt A. et al., 2007; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:116A Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H5N1 Boltz D. et al., 2010; Hurt A. et al., 2007; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:117T Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Kode S. et al., 2019
NA:117T Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H5N1 Kode S. et al., 2019
NA:117T Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Kode S. et al., 2019; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:117T Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H5N1 Kode S. et al., 2019; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:117V; NA:314V Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2007
NA:117V; NA:314V Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2007; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:117V; NA:119V Highly reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:117V; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:117V; NA:295S Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:117V; NA:275Y; NA:295S Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:117V; NA:275Y; NA:295S Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:117R Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Gubareva L. et al., 2017
NA:117M; NA:119V Highly reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:117M; NA:119V Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:117M; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:117M; NA:295S Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:117M; NA:275Y; NA:295S Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:117M; NA:275Y; NA:295S Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:119A From normal to reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Samson M. et al., 2014
NA:119A From normal to reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Samson M. et al., 2014
NA:119A Highly reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Ilyushina N. et al., 2010
NA:119A Reduced inhibition to Laninamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Samson M. et al., 2014
NA:119A Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Ilyushina N. et al., 2010
NA:119A Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Samson M. et al., 2014
NA:119A Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Ilyushina N. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:119A Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Ilyushina N. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:119A; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015
NA:119A; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015
NA:119A; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015
NA:119A; NA:275Y Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015
NA:119A; NA:275Y Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015
NA:119A; NA:275Y Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:119A; NA:275Y Reduced susceptibility to Peramivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:119A; NA:275Y Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:119D Highly reduced inhibition to Laninamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; L’Huillier A. et al., 2015; Lloren K. et al., 2019
NA:119D Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; L’Huillier A. et al., 2015; Lloren K. et al., 2019
NA:119D Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015
NA:119D Highly reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; L’Huillier A. et al., 2015; Lloren K. et al., 2019
NA:119D Highly reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015
NA:119D Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; L’Huillier A. et al., 2015; Lloren K. et al., 2019
NA:119D Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015
NA:119D Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:119D Reduced susceptibility to Peramivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:119D Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:119D; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Laninamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; L’Huillier A. et al., 2015
NA:119D; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; L’Huillier A. et al., 2015
NA:119D; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015
NA:119D; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; L’Huillier A. et al., 2015
NA:119D; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015
NA:119D; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; L’Huillier A. et al., 2015
NA:119D; NA:275Y Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015
NA:119D; NA:275Y Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:119D; NA:275Y Reduced susceptibility to Peramivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:119D; NA:275Y Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:119G From reduced to highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Lloren K. et al., 2019; Pizzorno A. et al., 2011; Tamura D. et al., 2015b
NA:119G From reduced to highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Hurt A. et al., 2009
NA:119G Highly reduced inhibition to Laninamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Lloren K. et al., 2019; Pizzorno A. et al., 2011; Tamura D. et al., 2015b
NA:119G Highly reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Lloren K. et al., 2019; Pizzorno A. et al., 2011; Tamura D. et al., 2015b
NA:119G Highly reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Hurt A. et al., 2009
NA:119G Reduced susceptibility to Peramivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:119G Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:119G; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Laninamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Tamura D. et al., 2015b
NA:119G; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Tamura D. et al., 2015b
NA:119G; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015
NA:119G; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Tamura D. et al., 2015b
NA:119G; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015
NA:119G; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Tamura D. et al., 2015b
NA:119G; NA:275Y Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015
NA:119G; NA:275Y Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:119G; NA:275Y Reduced susceptibility to Peramivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:119G; NA:275Y Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:119V From reduced to highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Abed Y. et al., 2006; Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:119V Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Abed Y. et al., 2006; Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:119V Highly reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Abed Y. et al., 2006; Choi W. et al., 2013; Pizzorno A. et al., 2011
NA:119V Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Pizzorno A. et al., 2011
NA:119V Reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Pizzorno A. et al., 2011
NA:119V; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:119V; NA:275Y Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:119V; NA:222V Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H7N9 Soubies S. et al., 2010
NA:136L Highly reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2010
NA:136L Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2010
NA:136L Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:136L Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:136K Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Kaminski M. et al., 2013; Pizzorno A. et al., 2013; Samson M. et al., 2014
NA:136K Highly reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Kaminski M. et al., 2013; Pizzorno A. et al., 2013; Samson M. et al., 2014
NA:136K Reduced inhibition to Laninamivir H1N1 Kaminski M. et al., 2013; Pizzorno A. et al., 2013; Samson M. et al., 2014
NA:136K; NA:151E Reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b
NA:136K; NA:151E Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b
NA:136K; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b
NA:136K; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b
NA:136K; NA:275Y Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b
NA:136K; NA:151N; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b
NA:136K; NA:151N; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b
NA:136R Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir Unknown Meijer A. et al., 2014
NA:136R Highly reduced inhibition to Zanamivir Unknown Meijer A. et al., 2014
NA:136R Reduced inhibition to Laninamivir Unknown Meijer A. et al., 2014
NA:147R; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Gubareva L. et al., 2017
NA:147R; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Gubareva L. et al., 2017
NA:150N; NA:223L; NA:247N Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Boltz D. et al., 2010
NA:150N; NA:223L; NA:247N Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Boltz D. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:151E; NA:275Y From reduced to highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b
NA:151E; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b
NA:151N; NA:275Y From reduced to highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b
NA:151N; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b
NA:151G; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b
NA:151G; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b
NA:151G; NA:275Y Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b
NA:152K From normal to reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Lloren K. et al., 2019
NA:152K Reduced inhibition to Laninamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Lloren K. et al., 2019
NA:152K Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Lloren K. et al., 2019
NA:155H Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Monto A. et al., 2006
NA:155H Highly reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Monto A. et al., 2006
NA:199G Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2009
NA:199G Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2009
NA:199G Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:199G Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:199E Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Lloren K. et al., 2019; Takashita E. et al., 2015
NA:199Y Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Takashita E. et al., 2020
NA:199Y Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Takashita E. et al., 2020
NA:199N; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2013
NA:199N; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2013
NA:222K Reduced susceptibility to Laninamivir H7N9 Nilsson B. et al., 2017
NA:222K Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H7N9 Nilsson B. et al., 2017
NA:222K Reduced susceptibility to Peramivir H7N9 Nilsson B. et al., 2017
NA:222K Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H7N9 Nilsson B. et al., 2017
NA:223M Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2009
NA:223M Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:223M; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Hurt A. et al., 2009
NA:223M; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2009
NA:223M; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Hurt A. et al., 2009
NA:223M; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2009
NA:223M; NA:275Y Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:223M; NA:275Y Reduced susceptibility to Peramivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:223L; NA:247N Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Creanga A. et al., 2017
NA:223L; NA:247N Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Creanga A. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:223L Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Govorkova E. et al., 2022
NA:223V; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009(2009; Choi W. et al., 2013; Hurt A. et al., 2009; Pizzorno A. et al., 2011
NA:223V; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2009
NA:223V; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009(2009; Choi W. et al., 2013; Hurt A. et al., 2009; Pizzorno A. et al., 2011
NA:223V; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2009
NA:223V; NA:275Y Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:223V; NA:275Y Reduced susceptibility to Peramivir H5N1 Hurt A. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:223V; NA:295S Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:223V; NA:275Y; NA:295S Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:223V; NA:275Y; NA:295S Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:223K Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Huang L. et al., 2014; Nguyen H. et al., 2010; Takashita E. et al., 2015
NA:223K; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Nguyen H. et al., 2012
NA:223K; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Nguyen H. et al., 2012
NA:223K; NA:275Y Reduced inhibition to Laninamivir H1N1 Nguyen H. et al., 2012
NA:223K; NA:275Y Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Nguyen H. et al., 2012
NA:223R From normal to reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Eshaghi A. et al., 2011; Huang L. et al., 2014; Pizzorno A. et al., 2012; Takashita E. et al., 2015; van der Vries E. et al., 2010
NA:223R Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Eshaghi A. et al., 2011; Huang L. et al., 2014; Pizzorno A. et al., 2012; Takashita E. et al., 2015; van der Vries E. et al., 2010
NA:223R; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Nguyen H. et al., 2010; Nguyen H. et al., 2012; Pizzorno A. et al., 2012
NA:223R; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Nguyen H. et al., 2010; Nguyen H. et al., 2012; Pizzorno A. et al., 2012
NA:223R; NA:275Y Reduced inhibition to Laninamivir H1N1 Nguyen H. et al., 2010; Nguyen H. et al., 2012; Pizzorno A. et al., 2012
NA:223R; NA:275Y Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Nguyen H. et al., 2010; Nguyen H. et al., 2012; Pizzorno A. et al., 2012
NA:223T From normal to reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Samson M. et al., 2014
NA:247N Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Boltz D. et al., 2010
NA:247N Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Boltz D. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:247N; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Hurt A. et al., 2011
NA:247N; NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Hurt A. et al., 2011
NA:247G Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Takashita E. et al., 2015
NA:247R From reduced to highly reduced inhibition to Laninamivir H1N1 Gubareva L. et al., 2017
NA:247R From reduced to highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Gubareva L. et al., 2017
NA:247R Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Gubareva L. et al., 2017
NA:247R Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Gubareva L. et al., 2017
NA:275Y From reduced to highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Hurt A. et al., 2009; Ilyushina N. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005b; Nguyen H. et al., 2013
NA:275Y From reduced to highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Baz M. et al., 2009; Dapat C. et al., 2013; Ikematsu H. et al., 2012; Leang S. et al., 2014; Nguyen H. et al., 2010b; Nguyen H. et al., 2012; Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b; Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2013; Takashita E. et al., 2013
NA:275Y From reduced to highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Hurt A. et al., 2009; Ilyushina N. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005b; Nguyen H. et al., 2013
NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Baz M. et al., 2009; Choi W. et al., 2013; Dapat C. et al., 2013; Ikematsu H. et al., 2012; Leang S. et al., 2014; Mishin V. et al., 2005; Nguyen H. et al., 2010b; Nguyen H. et al., 2012; Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b; Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2013; Sheu T. et al., 2008; Takashita E. et al., 2013
NA:275Y Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013; Mishin V. et al., 2005; Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b; Sheu T. et al., 2008
NA:275Y Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Gubareva L. et al., 2017b; Hurt A. et al., 2009; Ilyushina N. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005; Nguyen H. et al., 2013; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:275Y Reduced susceptibility to Peramivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Gubareva L. et al., 2017b; Hurt A. et al., 2009; Ilyushina N. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005; Nguyen H. et al., 2013; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:275Y; NA:436N Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Kwon J. et al., 2018
NA:275Y; NA:436N Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Kwon J. et al., 2018
NA:275Y; NA:436N Reduced inhibition to Laninamivir H1N1 Kwon J. et al., 2018
NA:275Y; NA:436N Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Kwon J. et al., 2018
NA:275Y; NA:293K Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:275Y; NA:295S Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:275Y; NA:334N Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:276D Reduced susceptibility to Laninamivir H7N9 Nilsson B. et al., 2017
NA:276D Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H7N9 Nilsson B. et al., 2017
NA:276D Reduced susceptibility to Peramivir H7N9 Nilsson B. et al., 2017
NA:276D Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H7N9 Nilsson B. et al., 2017
NA:278Q Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Govorkova E. et al., 2007; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:292K Reduced susceptibility to Laninamivir H7N9 Krenn B. et al., 2011; Nilsson B. et al., 2017
NA:292K Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H7N9 Krenn B. et al., 2011; Nilsson B. et al., 2017
NA:292K Reduced susceptibility to Peramivir H7N9 Krenn B. et al., 2011; Nilsson B. et al., 2017
NA:292K Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H4N2 Bogs J. et al., 2011
NA:292K Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H7N9 Krenn B. et al., 2011; Nilsson B. et al., 2017
NA:293K Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Tamura D. et al., 2015b
NA:293K Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:295S From normal to highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Earhart K. et al., 2009; Ilyushina N. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005b
NA:295S From normal to reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Meijer A. et al., 2014; Pizzorno A. et al., 2011; Samson M. et al., 2014
NA:295S From normal to reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Earhart K. et al., 2009; Ilyushina N. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005b
NA:295S From reduced to highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Abed Y. et al., 2006; Baek Y. et al., 2015; Choi W. et al., 2013; Meijer A. et al., 2014; Pizzorno A. et al., 2011; Samson M. et al., 2014
NA:295S From reduced to highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Earhart K. et al., 2009; Ilyushina N. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005b
NA:295S Reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Abed Y. et al., 2006; Choi W. et al., 2013
NA:295S Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Earhart K. et al., 2009; Ilyushina N. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:295S Reduced susceptibility to Peramivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Earhart K. et al., 2009; Ilyushina N. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:295S Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H5N1 Baek Y. et al., 2015; Earhart K. et al., 2009; Ilyushina N. et al., 2010; Le Q. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:313K; NA:427T From normal to reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Hurt A. et al., 2012; Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b
NA:313K; NA:427T Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Hurt A. et al., 2012; Okomo-Adhiambo M. et al., 2010b
NA:364N Distruption of the second sialic acid binding site (2SBS) Unknown Uhlendorff J. et al., 2009
NA:369C Distruption of the second sialic acid binding site (2SBS) Unknown Du W. et al., 2018
NA:369I Distruption of the second sialic acid binding site (2SBS) H5N1 de Vries E. et al., 2023
NA:369I Distruption of the second sialic acid binding site (2SBS) Unknown Du W. et al., 2018
NA:371K Reduced susceptibility to Laninamivir H7N9 Nilsson B. et al., 2017
NA:371K Reduced susceptibility to Oseltamivir H7N9 Nilsson B. et al., 2017
NA:371K Reduced susceptibility to Peramivir H7N9 Nilsson B. et al., 2017
NA:371K Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H7N9 Nilsson B. et al., 2017
NA:396M Distruption of the second sialic acid binding site (2SBS) H5N1 de Vries E. et al., 2023
NA:396V Distruption of the second sialic acid binding site (2SBS) H5N1 de Vries E. et al., 2023
NA:397A Distruption of the second sialic acid binding site (2SBS) Unknown Dai M. et al., 2017
NA:427T Reduced inhibition to Laninamivir H1N1 Takashita E. et al., 2020
NA:427T Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Takashita E. et al., 2020
NA:427T Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Takashita E. et al., 2020
NA:432T Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H5N1 Creanga A. et al., 2017
NA:432T Reduced susceptibility to Zanamivir H5N1 Creanga A. et al., 2017; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NA:432E Distruption of the second sialic acid binding site (2SBS) Unknown Dai M. et al., 2021
NA:432N Distruption of the second sialic acid binding site (2SBS) Unknown Dai M. et al., 2021
NA:436N Reduced inhibition to Laninamivir H1N1 Kwon J. et al., 2018
NA:436N Reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Kwon J. et al., 2018
NA:436N Reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Kwon J. et al., 2018
NA:436N Reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Kwon J. et al., 2018
NA:458T Highly reduced inhibition to Laninamivir H1N1 Lloren K. et al., 2019
NA:458T Highly reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir H1N1 Lloren K. et al., 2019
NA:458T Highly reduced inhibition to Peramivir H1N1 Lloren K. et al., 2019
NA:458T Highly reduced inhibition to Zanamivir H1N1 Lloren K. et al., 2019
M1:30D Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Fan S. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M1:43M Increased virulence in chickens H5N1 Nao N. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M1:43M Increased virulence in ducks H5N1 Nao N. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M1:43M Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Nao N. et al., 2015; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M1:115I Evade human stimulator of interferon genes (STING) H1N1 Ye R. et al., 2026
M1:215A Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Fan S. et al., 2009; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:26F Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N1 Abed Y. et al., 2005; Bean W. et al., 1989; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:26F Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N1 Abed Y. et al., 2005; Bean W. et al., 1989; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:27A Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N1 Abed Y. et al., 2005; Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:27A Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N2 Abed Y. et al., 2005; Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:27A Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N1 Abed Y. et al., 2005; Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:27A Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N2 Abed Y. et al., 2005; Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:27T Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N1 Abed Y. et al., 2005; Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:27T Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N2 Abed Y. et al., 2005; Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:27T Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N1 Abed Y. et al., 2005; Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:27T Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N2 Abed Y. et al., 2005; Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:27S Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N1 Abed Y. et al., 2005; Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:27S Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N2 Abed Y. et al., 2005; Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:27S Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N1 Abed Y. et al., 2005; Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:27S Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N2 Abed Y. et al., 2005; Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:27I Conferred resistance to Amantidine Unknown Lee J. et al., 2008
M2:30V Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N1 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30V Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30V Increased resistance to Amantadine H7N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30V Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N1 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30V Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30V Increased resistance to Rimantadine H7N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30T Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N1 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30T Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30T Increased resistance to Amantadine H7N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30T Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N1 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30T Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30T Increased resistance to Rimantadine H7N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30S Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N1 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30S Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30S Increased resistance to Amantadine H7N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30S Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N1 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30S Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:30S Increased resistance to Rimantadine H7N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Cheung C. et al., 2006; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:31N Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N1 Bean W. et al., 1989; Buranathai C. et al., 2007; Cheung C. et al., 2006; He G. et al., 2008; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Puthavathana P. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:31N Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Buranathai C. et al., 2007; Cheung C. et al., 2006; He G. et al., 2008; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Puthavathana P. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:31N Increased resistance to Amantadine H9N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Buranathai C. et al., 2007; Cheung C. et al., 2006; He G. et al., 2008; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Puthavathana P. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:31N Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N1 Bean W. et al., 1989; Buranathai C. et al., 2007; Cheung C. et al., 2006; He G. et al., 2008; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Puthavathana P. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:31N Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Buranathai C. et al., 2007; Cheung C. et al., 2006; He G. et al., 2008; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Puthavathana P. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:31N Increased resistance to Rimantadine H9N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Buranathai C. et al., 2007; Cheung C. et al., 2006; He G. et al., 2008; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Puthavathana P. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:31G Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N1 Bean W. et al., 1989; Buranathai C. et al., 2007; Cheung C. et al., 2006; He G. et al., 2008; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Puthavathana P. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:31G Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Buranathai C. et al., 2007; Cheung C. et al., 2006; He G. et al., 2008; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Puthavathana P. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:31G Increased resistance to Amantadine H9N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Buranathai C. et al., 2007; Cheung C. et al., 2006; He G. et al., 2008; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Puthavathana P. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:31G Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N1 Bean W. et al., 1989; Buranathai C. et al., 2007; Cheung C. et al., 2006; He G. et al., 2008; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Puthavathana P. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:31G Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Buranathai C. et al., 2007; Cheung C. et al., 2006; He G. et al., 2008; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Puthavathana P. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:31G Increased resistance to Rimantadine H9N2 Bean W. et al., 1989; Buranathai C. et al., 2007; Cheung C. et al., 2006; He G. et al., 2008; Ilyushina N. et al., 2005; Lan Y. et al., 2010; Puthavathana P. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:34E Increased resistance to Amantadine H5N1 Abed Y. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
M2:34E Increased resistance to Rimantadine H5N1 Abed Y. et al., 2005; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:3S; NS1:41K; NS1:74N Enhanced pathogenicity in mice H7N1 Kanrai P. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:3S; NS1:41K; NS1:74N Enhanced replication in mammalian cells H7N1 Kanrai P. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:38A; NS1:41A Decreased replication in avian cells H7N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Trapp S. et al., 2018
NS1:38A; NS1:41A Decreased replication in mammalian cells H7N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Trapp S. et al., 2018
NS1:42S Decreased antiviral response in mice H5N1 Jiao P. et al., 2008; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:42S Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Jiao P. et al., 2008; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:138F; NS1:55E; NS1:66E Decreased interferon response H5N1 Li J. et al., 2018; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:138F; NS1:55E; NS1:66E Enhanced replication in mammalian cells H5N1 Li J. et al., 2018; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:74N Enhanced pathogenicity in mice H7N1 Kanrai P. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:74N Enhanced replication in mammalian cells H7N1 Kanrai P. et al., 2016; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:84F Decreased replication in mammalian cells H1N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang B. et al., 2017
NS1:84F Enhanced interferon response H1N1 Suttie A. et al., 2019; Wang B. et al., 2017
NS1:92E Increased virulence in chickens H1N1 Long J. et al., 2008; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:92E Increased virulence in mice H1N1 Lipatov A. et al., 2005; Long J. et al., 2008; Seo S. et al., 2002; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:92E Increased virulence in swine H1N1 Lipatov A. et al., 2005; Seo S. et al., 2002; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:104M; NS1:171Y; NS1:94I Enhanced polymerase activity H10N7 Kuryshko M. et al., 2026
NS1:94I Increased NS1 expression in avian cells H10N7 Kuryshko M. et al., 2026
NS1:94I Increased NS1 expression in mammalian cells H10N7 Kuryshko M. et al., 2026
NS1:103F; NS1:106M Increased virulence in mice H5N1 Kuo R. et al., 2009; Spesock A. et al., 2011; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:104M Decreased interferon response in mammalian cells H10N7 Kuryshko M. et al., 2026
NS1:104M Enhanced polymerase activity H10N7 Kuryshko M. et al., 2026
NS1:106M Increased viral replication in mammalian cells H1N1 Ayllon J. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:106M Increased virulence in mice H1N1 Ayllon J. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:138F Decreased interferon response H5N1 Li J. et al., 2018; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:138F Increased viral replication in mammalian cells H5N1 Li J. et al., 2018; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:149A Decreased interferon response in chickens H5N1 Li Z. et al., 2006; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:149A Increased virulence in chickens H5N1 Li Z. et al., 2006; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:171Y Enhanced polymerase activity H10N7 Kuryshko M. et al., 2026
NS1:205S; NS2:48A Decreased antiviral response in ferrets H5N1 Imai H. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS1:210R; NS2:51I Decreased antiviral response in ferrets H5N1 Imai H. et al., 2010; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS2:16I Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Reuther P. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
NS2:16I; NS2:41C; NS2:75G Increased polymerase activity in mammalian cells H5N1 Reuther P. et al., 2014; Suttie A. et al., 2019
This site uses Just the Docs, a documentation theme for Jekyll.